![]() Three zones were to stand apart, all facing the ocean to the west: the Meeting House, the Village, and the laboratories. Kahn’s scheme for the Institute is spatially orchestrated in a similar way to a monastery: a secluded intellectual community. At the same time, it was to be bright and welcoming – an inspiring environment for the researchers who would work there. The entire structure was to be simple and durable, requiring minimal maintenance. Laboratory spaces in the new facility would have to be open, spacious, and easily updated as new discoveries and technologies advanced the course of scientific research. Sustainability and Performance in ArchitectureĪlong with these lofty instructions, Salk laid down a series of more practical requirements. All rights reserved.The Future of Architectural Visualization This study demonstrates two distinct anterolateral tissue planes tightened during internal rotation of the tibia: a superficial plane represented by the iliotibial tract and the Kaplan fibers, which acts as a ligament structure, and a deep plane represented by a triangular capsular ligament complex within which the ALL and the anterolateral capsule are recruited.Īnatomical study Anterolateral ligament Iliotibial band Kaplan fibers Knee.Ĭopyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. In the vertical plane, this insertion was located 6.44☒.37mm (range, 2-9) below the joint space. Its tibial insertion zone was wide, with a clearly differentiated anterior limit but a posterior limit confused with the joint capsule. Its femoral insertion area was narrow at 5.27☑.06mm (range, 3.5-7mm) and was mainly proximal and posterior at the lateral epicondyle. The deep structures tightened covered a triangular area including the ALL and the anterolateral capsule. The Kaplan fibers were 73.11☑9.09mm long (range, 63-82mm) and at their femoral insertion they were 12.1☑.61mm wide (range, 10-15mm). In internal tibial rotation, the Kaplan fibers held the iliotibial tract against the lateral epicondyle, allowing it to play the role of a stabilizing ligament. The superficial structures tightened were the iliotibial tract and the Kaplan fibers. The length variations of the ALL during internal tibial rotation were measured by applying a 30-N force using a dynamometric torque wrench at the tibiofibular mortise. ![]() Each was selectively dissected, identifying its insertions and orientations, and measuring its size. ![]() The anterolateral structures tightened were identified from superficial to deep at 30° of flexion. ![]() Nine fresh-frozen cadaver knee specimens were studied. We hypothesized that internal rotation would tighten several anatomical formations, both superficial and deep, with the ALL one part of these structures. The objective of this study was to identify the structures during internal tibial rotation and then to define their anatomical characteristics. Since the recent descriptions of the anterolateral ligament (ALL), the role played by the anterolateral peripheral structures in the rotational control of the knee is again being debated.
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